Tuesday, 1 December 2009

Bronchitis

An individual, who with the advent of cold has began to cough not even once, is a happy man! Other individuals should find out the cause of his cough which may be a symptom of many different diseases. Every second individual is diagnosed with bronchitis. Bronchitis can be acute or chronic, and depending on its type doctor prescribes a particular treatment. Although phrase “acute bronchitis” sounds quite horrible, in fact, doctors fight it quite successfully.

Bronchitis shows itself with cough, temperature, muscle pains, joint pains, headaches and common discomfort. In other words, a virus has settled in your bronchus and caused their inflammation.

If you are already ill, main treatment is to remove acute symptoms such as temperature, pains, etc. You should help your body to fight the disease. It is necessary to stay in the bed for a week, gargle, drink hot drinks and take Vitamin C. It would be good to make inhalations with alcalinous mineral waters that may help wet to get removed. You should forget about inhalations with potato peels and oily solutions as they may harm your body.


Workaholics should forget about their job. Going seek at the job may result in bronchopneumonitis which should be treated not at home but at the hospital. If “creative resources” did not brought cough relief and did not removed temperature in three days then you should call for a doctor. Probably, the disease has passed into a new stage and it needs a special treatment.

This often happens when acute bronchitis provokes manifestation of chronic one which is caused not just by viruses but also by bacterias. It is wrong to think that chronic bronchitis is untreated acute bronchitis. In fact, chronic bronchitis is an independent disease caused by cigarette smoke, exhaust, industrial wastes that we inhale. If you inhale those wastes every day then natural sputum discharge is lowered. The mechanism of bronchus self-purification is broken and as a result the infection is doesn't mat any resistance and so bronchus are damaged.

An individual may live and not know about developing disease. The treatment of chronic bronchitis is very long and recovery half-way depends on the discipline of the patient. Patient has to constantly take different medications such as expectorants, antiinflammatory drugs, immunomodulators, and in some cases is used bronchus sputum removal with special devise – this method is called therapeutic bronchoscopy.

When chronic bronchitis it is important to make remedial gymnastics, respiratory gymnastics, chest message. Do not think that if you have chronic bronchitis then mucosa disorders may be restored. For example, epithelium of smokers may be restored in 10 years. If the number of contagious recrudescence may be reduced annually, some medications may be called off. The disease itself will not disappear but several symptoms will be removed.

Saturday, 14 November 2009

Viruses in Potatoes

Potato Virus Y

Potato virus Y , one of the most important plant viruses affecting potato production. PVY infection of potato plants results in a variety of symptoms depending on the viral strain. The mildest symptoms is causing production loss, the most serious is called 'potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease' (PTNRD) which is transmitted by aphid vectors.















Potato leafroll virus

Potato leafroll virus infects potato and is a particular problem in the USA. During the summer, the virus is spread by insects and by the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. During the winter months the viruses lie dormant in the plants and are the primary source of new infections of other plants in the next year. The symptoms of this disease include a slight curling of new leaves and the leaves become discolored, ranging from a light green through yellow to red and the underside of the leaves turns purple. The disease will reduced the yields and quality of the potato crops but not killing plant.














Potato mop top virus

The Potato mop top virus (PMTV) is a pomovirus vectored by the fungus Spongospora subterrenea, which causes powdery scab of potato. The virus can be found in scab spore-balls and can remain viable in the field up to 18 years without the host. Symptoms of PMTV vary depending on environmental conditions. The symptoms may include yellow rings, V shape markings, and blotches, especially on the lower leaves. Stems may also be stunted, giving a “mop top” effect.














Tobacco rattle virus

Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is a Tobravirus which causes corky ringspot or spraing disease. Often found in sandy soils. Symptoms often do not appear on the foliage, but the tuber contains corky layers of tissue interspersed with rings of healthy tissue and brown flecks distributed throughout the tuber. This virus is transmitted by 'stubby-root' nematodes .










Transmission of Plant Viruses

Transmission

  • Sap
  • Insects
  • Nematodes

Sap

Viruses can be spread by direct transfer of sap by contact of a wounded plant with a healthy one. Such contact may occur during agricultural practices, as by damage caused by tools or hands, or naturally, as by an animal feeding on the plant. Generally TMV, potato viruses and cucumber mosaic viruses are transmitted via sap.



Insects

Plant viruses need to be transmitted by a vector, most often insects such as leafhoppers. The chosen insect vector of a plant virus will often be the determining factor in that virus's host range. Plant virus are classified as non-persistent, semi-persistent and persiste depending on the different ways of transmission by insects.

Green peach aphid Myzus persicae, the vector of many plant viruses, including Potato virus Y.











Hoppers transmit viruses from several genera.
Micrutalis malleifera, the treehopper vector of Tomato pseudo-curly top virus.















 Nematodes

Soil-borne nematodes also have been shown to transmit viruses. They acquire and transmit them by feeding on infected roots. The virions attach to the stylet or to the gut when they feed on an infected plant and can then unattach during later feeding to infect other plants. Example of viruses that can be transmitted by nematodes includes tobacco rattle virus.

Adult female of Paratrichodorus pachydermus, the vector of Tobacco rattle virus.










Plant Viral Structures

Virus Shapes

Viruses are extremely small and can only be observed with an electron microscope.


Over 50% of known plant viruses are rod-shaped. The second most common structure amongst plant viruses are isometric particles.


Tobacco mosaic virus, the length is about 300-500 nm with a diameter 15-20 nm.




Tobacco necrosis virus A, diameter varies from 40-50 nm in diameter


Cocoa swollen shoot virus, genus Badnavirus [largest size is 30 nm wide and 300 nm long]



Viruses in Plants

Plant Viruses

Plant viruses are viruses affecting plants. They are less well known than bacteril and animal viruses, even though viruses were originally identified and isolated from tobacco plants. Plant viruses infect many food crops, including corn, beans, tobacco and the most popular in the world, potatoes, viruses resulting billions of dollars in losses each year. Viruses of plants are introduced into plant cells either through abrasions of the cell wall or by plant parasites such as nematodes and aphids.

The first virus to be discovered was Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). This and other viruses cause an estimated US$60 billion loss in crop yields worldwide each year. The TMV viruses are most frequently used as research in plant molecular biology today.


There are over 2000 known viruses and about 1/4 of these known viruses cause diseases in plants. Plant viruses are grouped into 73 genera and 49 families.

Saturday, 7 November 2009

Viruses in Plots

Viruses have fascinated and frightened us all. That ability has made them popular in creating science fiction for novels and movies. Such notable examples are listed here.


Movies:

1) "Outbreak" - click here to read interview with Dr. Murphy






Novels:

Title Medusa : A novel from the NUMA files / Clive Cussler ; with Paul Kemprecos.


Author:      Cussler, Clive.

Summary:  Kurt Austin puts the NUMAA team on a case involving a hideous series of medical experiments, an extraordinarily ambitious Chinese criminal organization, and a secret new virus that threatens to set off a worldwide pandemic.
 
[From: http://catalogue.nlb.gov.sg]

Viral Scoop

Viral Scoop I


“There is good circumstantial evidence that the specific origin of placental mammals is the result of an ancestral species being infected with an immunosuppressive proto-retrovirus. It is suggested that this immunosuppression permitted an immunological accommodation in the mother to the development of a genetically distinct individual in the placenta during a prolonged gestation!”

– pg 9, Basic Virology, Edward K. Wagner, Martinez J. Hewlett, David C. Bloom, and David Camerini